DSM-IV-TR Ａ．反対の性に対する強く持続的な同一感（他の性であることによって得られると思う文化的有利性に対する欲求だけではない）。 ●子どもの場合、その障害は以下の４つ（またはそれ以上）によって表れる。 1)反対の性になりたいという欲求、または自分の性が反対であるという主張を繰り返し述べる。 2)男の子の場合、女の子の服を着るのを好む、または女装を真似ることを好むこと。 女の子の場合、定型的な男性の服装のみを身につけたいと主張すること。 3)ごっこあそびで、反対の性の役割をとりたいという気持ちが強く持続すること、または反対の性であるという空想を続けること。 4)反対の性の典型的なゲームや娯楽に加わりたいという強い欲求。 5)反対の性の遊び仲間になるのを強く好む。 ●青年及び成人の場合、次のような症状で現れる。 反対の性になりたいという欲求を口にする、何度も反対の性として通用する、反対の性として生きたい、または扱われたいという欲求、または反対の性に典型的な気持ちや反応を自分が持っているという確信。 Ｂ．自分の性に対する持続的な不快感、またはその性の役割についての不適切感。 ●子どもの場合、障害は以下のどれかの形で現れる。 男の子の場合： 自分のペニスまたは睾丸は気持ち悪い、またはそれがなくなるだろうと主張する、またはペニスを持っていない方が良かったと主張する、または乱暴で荒々しい遊びを嫌悪し、男の子に典型的な玩具、ゲーム、活動を拒否する 女の子の場合： 座って排尿するのを拒絶し、または乳房が膨らんだり、または月経が始まって欲しくないと主張する、または、普通の女性の服装を強く嫌悪する。 ●青年及び成人の場合、障害は以下のような形で現れる。 それは、自分の第一次および第二次性徴から解放されたいという考えにとらわれる。 （例：反対の性らしくなるために、性的な特徴を身体的に変化させるホルモン、手術、または他の方法を要求する）、または自分が誤った性に生まれたと信じる。 Ｃ．その障害は、身体的に半陰陽を伴ったものではない。 Ｄ．その障害は、臨床的に著しい苦痛または、社会的、職業的または他の重要な領域における機能の障害を引き起こしている。 ⇒現在の年齢に基づいてコード番号をつけること： ３０２．６：小児の性同一性障害 ３０２．８５：青年または成人の性同一性障害 　⇒該当すれば特定せよ（性的に成熟した者に対して） 　　男性に性的魅力を感じる 　　女性に性的魅力を感じる 　　両性ともに性的魅力を感じる 　　両性ともに性的魅力を感じない ３０２．６：特定不能の性同一性障害 このカテゴリーは、特定の性同一性障害として分類できない性同一性の障害にコード番号をつけるために入れられている。その例を挙げると、 １．半陰陽状態（例：アンドロゲン不応症候群または先天性副腎過形成）に、性別に関する不快感を伴っているもの。 ２．一過性のストレスに関連した服装倒錯行動。 ３．去勢や陰茎切除の考えに持続的にとらわれていて、反対の性の特徴を獲得したい欲求は伴っていないもの。 ３０２．９：特定不能の性障害 このカテゴリーは、どの特定の性障害の基準も満たさず、性機能不全でも性嗜好異常でもない性的障害にコード番号をつけるために入れられている。その例を挙げると、 １．自己設定した男らしさまたは女らしさの基準に関連した性的行為、またはそれ以外の特徴に関する強い不全感。 ２．>自分にとっては利用する物としてしか体験されない愛人を次々もって性的関係を繰り返すやり方に対する苦痛。 ３．自分の性的指向に対する持続的で著しい苦痛。 GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER Diagnostic Features There are two components of Gender Identity Disorder, both of which must be present to make the diagnosis. Thee must be evidence of a strong and persistent gross-gender identification, which is the desire to be, or the insistence that one is of the other sex (Criteria A). This cross-gender identification must not merely be a desire for any perceived cultural advantages of being the other sex. there must also be evidence of persistent discomfort about oneﾕs assigned sex or a sense of inappropriateness in the gender role of that sex (Criteria B). The diagnosis is not made if the individual has a concurrent physical intersex condition (e.g., androgen insensitivity syndrome or congenital adrenal hyperplasia) (Criteria C). To make the diagnosis, there must be evidence of clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (Criteria D). In boys, the cross gender identification is manifested by a marked preoccupation with traditionally feminine activities. They may have a preference for dressing in girlsﾕ or womenﾕs clothes or may improvise such items from available materials when genuine articles are unavailable. Towels, aprons, and scarves are often used to represent long hair or skirts. There is a strong attraction for the stereotypical games and pastimes of girls. They particularly enjoy playing house, drawing pictures of beautiful girls and princesses, and watching television or videos of their favorite female-type dolls, such as Barbie, are often their favorite toys, and girls are their preferred playmates. When playing "house", these boys role-play female figures. Most commonly "mother roles", and often are quite preoccupied with female fantasy figures. they avoid rough-and-tumble play and competitive sports and have little interest in cars and trucks or other no-aggressive but stereotypical boyﾕs toys. They may express a wish to be a girl and assert that they will grow up to be a woman. they may insist on sitting to urinate and pretend not to have a penis by pushing it in between their legs. More rarely, boys with Gender Identity Disorder may state that they find their penis or testes disgusting, that they want to remove them, or that they have, or wish to have, a vagina. Girls with Gender Identity Disorder display intense negative reactions to parental expectations or attempts to have them wear dresses or other feminine attire. Some may refuse to attend school or social events where such clothes may be required. They prefer boyﾕs clothing and short hair, are often misidentified by strangers as boys, and may ask to be called a boyﾕs name. their fantasy heroes are most often powerful male figures, such as Batman or Superman. these girls prefer boys as playmates, with whom they share interests in contact sports, rough-and-tumble play and traditional boyhood games. they show little interest in dolls or any form of feminine dress up or role-play activity. A girl with this disorder may occasionally refuse to urinate in a sitting position. She may claim that she has or will grow a penis and may not want to grow breasts or menstruate. She may assert that she will grow up to be a man. Such girls typically reveal marked cross-gender identification in role-play, dreams and fantasies. Adults with Gender Identity Disorder are preoccupied with their wish to live as a member of the other sex. This preoccupation may be manifested as an intense desire to adopt the social role of the other sex or to acquire the physical appearance of the other sex through hormonal or surgical manipulation. Adults with this disorder are uncomfortable being regarded by others as, or functioning in society as, a member of their designated sex. To varying degrees, they adopt the behavior, dress, and mannerisms of the other sex. In private, these individuals may spend much time cross-dressed and working on the appearance of being the other sex. Many attempt to pass in public as the other sex. With cross-dressing and hormonal treatment (and for males, electrolysis), many individuals with this disorder may pass convincingly as the other sex. The sexual activity of these individuals with same-sex partners is generally constrained by the preference that their partners neither see nor touch their genitals. For some males who present later in life, (often following marriage), sexual activity with a woman is accompanied by the fantasy of being lesbian lovers or that his partner is a man and he is a woman. In adolescents, the clinical features may resemble either those of children or those of adults, depending on the individualﾕs developmental level, and the criteria should be applied accordingly. In younger adolescents, it may be more difficult to arrive at an accurate diagnosis because of the adolescentﾕs guardedness. This may be increased if the adolescent feels ambivalent about cross-gender identification or feels that it is unacceptable to the family. The adolescent may be referred because the parents or teachers are concerned about social isolation or peer teasing and rejection. In such circumstances, the diagnosis should be reserved for those adolescents who appear quite cross-gender identified in their dress and who engage in behaviors that suggest significant cross-gender identification (e.g., shaving legs in males). Clarifying the diagnosis in children and adolescents may require monitoring over an extended period of time. Distress or disability in individuals with Gender Identity Disorder is manifested differently across the life cycle. in young children, distress is manifested by the stated unhappiness about their assigned sex. Preoccupation with cross-gender wishes often interferes with ordinary activities. In older children, failure to develop age-appropriate same sex peer relationships and skills often leads to isolation and distress, and some children may refuse to attend school because of the teasing or pressure to dress in attire stereotypical of their assigned sex. in adolescents and adults, preoccupation with cross-gender wishes often interferes with ordinary activities. Relationship difficulties are common and functioning at school or at work may be impaired. Specifiers For sexually mature individuals, the following specifiers may be noted based on the individualﾕs sexual orientation: Sexually Attracted to Males, Sexually Attracted to Females, Sexually Attracted to Both, and Sexually Attracted to Neither. Males with Gender Identity Disorder include substantial proportions with all four specifiers. Virtually all females with Gender Identity Disorder will receive the same specifier-Sexually Attracted to Female- although there are exceptional cases involving females who are sexually Attracted to Males. Recording Procedures The assigned diagnostic code depends on the individualﾕs current age: if the disorder occurs in childhood, the code 302.6 is used; for an adolescent or adult, 302.85 is used. Associated Features and Disorders Associated descriptive features and mental disorders. Many individuals with Gender Identity Disorder become socially isolated. Isolation and ostracism contribute to low self esteem and may lead to school aversion or dropping out of school. Peer ostracism and teasing are especially common sequelae for boys with the disorder. Boys with Gender Identity Disorder often show marked feminine mannerisms and speech patterns. The disturbance can be so pervasive that the mental lives of some individuals revolve only around those activities that lessen gender distress. they are often preoccupied with appearance, especially early in the transition to living in the opposite sex role. Relationships with one or both parents also may be seriously impaired. Some males with Gender Identity Disorder resort to self-treatment with hormones and may very rarely perform their own castration or penectomy. especially in urban centers, some males with the disorder may engage in prostitution, which places them at a high risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Suicide attempts and Substance-Related Disorders are commonly associated. Children with Gender Identity Disorder may manifest coexisting Separation Anxiety Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and symptoms of depression. Adolescents are particularly at risk for depression and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. In adults, anxiety and depressive symptoms may be present. Some adult males have a history of Transvestic Fetishism as well as other paraphilias. Associated Personality Disorders are more common among males than among females being evaluated at adult gender clinics. Associated laboratory findings. There is no diagnostic test specific for Gender Identity Disorder. In the presence of a normal physical examination, karyotyping for sex chromosomes and sex hormone assays are usually not indicated. Psychological testing may reveal cross-gender identification of behavior patterns. Associated physical examination findings and general medical conditions. Individuals with Gender Identity Disorder have normal genitalia (in contrast to the ambiguous genitalia or hypogonadism found in physical intersex conditions). Adolescents and adult males with Gender Identity Disorder may show breast enlargement resulting from hormone ingestion, hair denuding from temporary or permanent epilation, and other physical changes as a result of procedures such as rhinoplasty or thyroid cartilage shaving (surgical reduction of the Adamﾕs Apple). Distorted breasts or breast rashes may be seen in females who wear breast binders. Postsurical complications in genetic females include prominent chest wall scars, and in generic males, vaginal strictures, rectovaginal fistulas, urethral stenoses, and misdirected urinary streams. Adult females with Gender Identity Disorder may have a higher than expected likelihood of polycystic ovarian disease. Specific Age and Gender Features Females with Gender Identity Disorders generally experience less ostracism because of cross-gender interests and may suffer less from peer rejection, at least until adolescence. In child clinic samples, there are approximately five boys for each girl referred with this disorder. In adult clinic samples, men outnumber women by about two or three times. In children, the referral bias towards males may partly reflect the greater stigma that gross-gender behavior carries for boys than for girls. Prevalence There are no recent epidemiological studies to provide data on prevalence of Gender Identity Disorder. Data from smaller countries in Europe with access to total population statistics and referrals suggest that roughly 1 per 30,000 adult males and 1 per 100,000 adult females seek sex-reassignment surgery. Course For clinically referred children, onset of cross-gender interests and activities is usually between ages 2 and 4 years, and some parents report that their child has always had cross-gender interests. Only a very small number of children with gender Identity Disorder will continue to have symptoms that meet criteria for Gender Identity Disorder in later adolescence or adulthood. Typically, children are referred around the time of school entry because of parental concern that what they regarded as a phase does not appear to be passing. Most children with Gender Identity Disorder display less overt cross-gender behaviors with time, parental intervention, or response from peers. By late adolescence or adulthood, about three-quarters of boys who had a childhood history of Gender Identity Disorder report a homosexual or bisexual orientation, but without concurrent Gender Identity Disorder. Most of the remainder report a heterosexual orientation, also without concurrent Gender Identity Disorder. The corresponding percentages for sexual orientation in girls are not known. some adolescents may develop a clearer cross-gender identification and request sex-reassignment surgery or may continue in a chronic course of gender confusion or dysphoria. In adult males, there are two different courses for the development of Gender Identity Disorder. The first is a continuation of Gender Identity Disorder that had an onset in childhood or early adolescence. These individuals typically present in late adolescence or adulthood. In the other course, the more overt signs of cross-gender identification appear later and more gradually, with a clinical presentation in early to mid-adulthood usually following, but sometimes concurrent with, Transvestic Fetishism. The later-onset group may be more fluctuating in the degree of cross-gender identification, more ambivalent about sex-reassignment surgery, more likely to be sexually attracted to women, and less likely to be satisfied after sex-reassignment surgery. Males with Gender Identity disorder who are sexually attracted to males tend to present in adolescence or early childhood with a lifelong history of gender dysphoria. In contrast, those who are sexually attracted to females, to both males and females, or to neither sex tend to present later and typically have a history of Transvestic Fetishism. If Gender Identity Disorder is present in adulthood, it tends to have a chronic course, but spontaneous remission has been reported. Differential Diagnosis Gender Identity disorder can be distinguished from simple nonconformity to stereo-typical sex role behavior by the extent and pervasiveness of the cross-gender wishes, interests, and activities. This disorder is not meant to describe a childﾕs nonconformity to stereotypic sex-role behavior as, for example, in "tomboyishness" in girls or "sissyish" behavior in boys. Rather, it represents a profound disturbance of the individualﾕs sense of identity with regard to maleness or femaleness. Behavior in children that merely does not fit the cultural stereotype of masculinity or femininity should not be given the diagnosis unless the full syndrome is present, including marked distress or impairment. Transvestic Fetishism occurs in heterosexual (or bisexual) men for whom the cross-dressing behavior is for the purpose of sexual excitement. Aside from cross-dressing, most individuals with Transvestic Fetishism do not have a history of childhood cross-gender behaviors. Males with presentation that meets full criteria for Gender Identity Disorder as well as Transvestic Fetishism should be given both diagnoses. If gender dysphoria is present in an individual with Transvestic Fetishism but full criteria for Gender Identity Disorder are not met, the specifier With Gender Dysphoria can be used. The category Gender Identity Disorder Not Otherwise specified can be used for individuals who have a gender identity problem with concurrent congenital intersex condition (e.g., androgen insensitivity syndrome or congenital adrenal hyperplasia). In Schizophrenia, there may rarely be delusions of belonging to the other sex. Insistence by a person with Gender Identity Disorder that he or she is of the other sex is not considered a delusion, because what is invariably meant is that the person feels like a member of the other sex rather than truly believes that he or she is a member of the other sex. In very rare cases, however, Schizophrenia and severe Gender Identity Disorder may coexist. Diagnostic Criteria for Gender Identity Disorder ・ A. A strong persistent cross-gender identification (not merely a desire for any perceived cultural advantages of being the other sex). In children, the disturbance is manifested by four (or more) of the following: 1. Repeatedly stated desire to be, or insistence that he or she is, the other sex. 2. In boys, preference for cross-dressing or simulating female attire; In girls, insistence on wearing only stereotypical masculine clothing. 3. Strong and persistent preferences for cross-sex roles in make believe play or persistent fantasies of being the other sex. 4. Intense desire to participate in the stereotypical games and pastimes of the other sex. 5. Strong preference for playmates of the other sex. In adolescents and adults, the disturbance is manifested by symptoms such as a stated desire to be the other sex, frequent passing as the other sex, desire to live or be treated as the other sex, or the conviction that he or she has the typical feelings and reactions of the other sex. ・B. Persistent discomfort with his or her sex or sense of inappropriateness in the gender role of that sex. In children, the disturbance is manifested by any of the following: In boys, assertion that his penis or testes are disgusting or will disappear or assertion that it would be better not to have a penis, or aversion toward rough-and-tumble play and rejection of male stereotypical toys, games, and activities. In girls, rejection of urinating in a sitting position, assertion that she has or will grow a penis, or assertion that she does not want to grow breasts or menstruate, or marked aversion toward normative feminine clothing. In adolescents and adults, the disturbance is manifested by symptoms such as preoccupation with getting rid of primary and secondary sex characteristics (e.g., request for hormones, surgery, or other procedures to physically alter sexual characteristics to simulate the other sex) or belief that he or she was born the wrong sex. ・C. The disturbance is not concurrent with physical intersex condition. ・D. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Code based on current age: ・302.6 Gender Identity Disorder in Children ・302.85 Gender Identity Disorder in Adolescents or Adults Specify if (for sexually mature individuals): ・Sexually Attracted to Males ・Sexually Attracted to Females ・Sexually Attracted to Both ・Sexually Attracted to Neither 302.6 Gender Identity Disorder Not Otherwise Specified This category is included for coding disorders in gender identity that are not classifiable as a specific Gender Identity Disorder. Examples include: 1. Intersex conditions (e.g., androgen insensitivity syndrome or congenital adrenal hyperplasia) and accompanying gender dysphoria 2. Transient, stress-related cross-dressing behavior 3. Persistent preoccupation with castration or penectomy without a desire to acquire the sex characteristics of the other sex